Thursday, May 8, 2025

80th anniversary of the Anti-Fascist Victory: When the Communists saved humanity from the Nazi monster

By Nikos Mottas

“Anyone who loves freedom, owes such a debt to the Red Army that it can never be repaid”. This phrase of Ernest Hemingway encompasses the whole symbolism of the 9th May 1945; the day of the Great Antifascist Victory of the Peoples.

80 years have passed since the day when the red flag with the sickle and hammer raised over Reichstag, in Berlin, thus marking the triumph of the Red Army and the Soviet Union over the monster of Nazism-Fascism.

Wednesday, May 7, 2025

KKE Secretary: "9 May will forever be engraved in the peoples' memory as the day of the Anti-Fascist Victory"

Various activities are being held by the party organizations of the KKE and KNE throughout Greece to commemorate the 80th anniversary of the Anti-Fascist Victory.

On 4 May 2025, at the Kaisariani Shooting Range, right next to the site where on May Day 1944 the Nazis executed 200 communists, a large rally of the Attica Party Organization of the KKE was held to mark the 80th anniversary of the Anti-Fascist Victory of the Peoples, with Dimitris Koutsoumbas, GS of the CC of the KKE, as the keynote speaker.

Communist Party of Pakistan: "No India-Pakistan war, but class war - Down with Bourgeois Militarism"

Statement of the Central Secretariat of the Communist Party of Pakistan on the escalation of military tension between India and Pakistan:

"The Communist Party of Pakistan, grounded in the Marxist-Leninist tradition, firmly condemns the military aggression initiated by the Indian bourgeois state and the counter-aggression launched by the Pakistani ruling class. These are not wars of liberation, nor are they in the interest of the proletariat, they are the wars of rival bourgeois military aggression for regional hegemony at the expense of the working class.

Tuesday, May 6, 2025

Communist Party of Greece (KKE): On the International Anti-Fascist Forum in Moscow

Article by the International Relations Section of the CC of the KKE

On the International Anti-Fascist Forum in Moscow

On 23 April 2025, the International Anti-Fascist Forum (IAF), organized by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF), with the support, as it stated, of the Russian government and Presidency, took place in Moscow.

Communist Party of Pakistan: Down with chauvinism and war hysteria, long live proletarian internationalism

Peace-Loving Working Class Rejects War Hysteria: CPP Calls for Unity and Resolution

The escalating hostilities between India and Pakistan deliberately intensified to evoke war hysteria and precipitate a potential military confrontation are profoundly detrimental to the interests of the peace-seeking masses in both nations. 

Sunday, May 4, 2025

Are there good and bad imperialists?

Article by Dimitris Xekalakis*, originally published in Rizospastis, Organ of the CC of the KKE, on Saturday 3/5/2025. Translated by idcommunism.com

Are there good and bad imperialists?

The situation and the developments following Trump's rise to power and the realignment of alliances that is taking place in the camps of imperialism seem to have caused embarrassment and confusion among those who insist on identifying imperialist policy only with the US, cultivating the perception that "capitalist Russia will save us." 

KKE - TKP: Greek and Turkish Communist leaders meet, reaffirm strong fraternal relations

Koutsoumbas and Okuyan
The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE), Dimitris Koutsoumbas met on Sunday (4/5) morning with Kemal Okuyan, General Secretary of the CC of the Communist Party of Turkey (TKP), 902 portal reported

The meeting took place at the headquarters of the KKE in Perissos, Athens and was also attended by Giorgos Marinos, member of the Political Bureau of the KKE Central Committee, Elisseos Vagenas, member of the KKE Central Committee and head of the KKE International Relations Department. 

Saturday, May 3, 2025

Workers' Day in Nazareth: Arab and Jews protesters send message against war and capitalism

@Hadash_org
Defying the various governmental threats and prohibitions, thousands of demonstrators from across Israel and Palestine participated in large rally held on Saturday 3 May in Nazareth, in honor of the International Workers' Day. 

The event, organized by Hadash (Democratic Front for Peace and Equality) and the Communist Party of Israel, was attended by Arabs and Jews, members of Knesset, leaders and members of the labour organizations and heads of local Arab communities. 

Friday, May 2, 2025

Lenin's popularity hits record high on his 155th birthday

By Nikos Mottas

This April marked the 155th birth anniversary of the leader of the 1917 Great October Socialist Revolution and founder of the first socialist state in the world, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

The name of Lenin is identified with two dialectically connected issues. On the one hand, there is his revolutionary activity and practice as the leader of the 20th century's most significant event- the 1917 Great October Socialist Revolution. On the other hand, there is his theoretical work which is the development of the revolutionary theory of Marx and Engels in the era of Imperialism. 

Fidel Castro and the concept of Revolution, a look 25 years later

Today marks the first quarter of a century of the concept of Revolution outlined by Commander-in-Chief Fidel Castro Ruz. Perhaps no other of his definitions took such a historical dimension as the one pronounced in the Revolution Square, on May 1st, 2000; in the words of Army General Raul Castro Ruz: "the quintessence of the political-ideological work".

But what makes this conceptualization so transcendent?

Tuesday, April 29, 2025

European Communist Action on May Day 2025: Long live the struggle of the people! Long live socialism!

 
Statement on the occasion of the International Workers' Day, on 1st May 2025:

We salute the workers, youth, women and pensioners of Europe and the world. We honour the bloody uprising in Chicago and the heroic struggles of our class and draw inspiration from them for our struggle today.

Tudeh Party of Iran: Message of condolences for the victims of the explosion in Bandar Abbas

Message of Condolences of the Tudeh Party of Iran to the Families of the Bereaved and Victims of the Explosion at Rajaee Quay in Bandar Abbas:

Based on reports from domestic and foreign media, around noon on Saturday, 26 April 2025, a fire broke out at Rajaee Quay, located 23 kilometres west of Bandar Abbas. The blaze initially started in a limited number of containers. It quickly spread to other containers within the area under the supervision of “Sina Gostaresh Company”, leading to powerful explosions. The resulting sound waves and air pressure were audible and felt within a 50-kilometer radius.

Monday, April 28, 2025

15 years of attacks on the working class and the popular strata of Greece

These days mark 15 years since the social-democratic PASOK government announced the activation of the “support mechanism” for the Greek economy by the EU and the IMF.

This was followed by three agreements (memoranda) with the EU for the “salvation” of the Greek economy, accompanied by thousands of anti-people laws at the expense of the working class and the popular strata. 

Sunday, April 27, 2025

Monument in honor of Joseph Stalin to be installed in the Russian town of Mozhaysk

A new monument dedicated to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin will be installed in Mozhaysk, a town approximately 100 km west of Moscow, local media reported.

The bust of Stalin and the pedestal have been delivered to the city and are being installed at the location agreed upon by the administration, in the Glory Square in the center of Mozhaysk, not far from the Eternal Flame. 

The inauguration of the monument is going to take place on 8 May, at 11 am local time. 

Friday, April 25, 2025

Reflections on Pope Francis, the Influence of Religion on Italian Politics and the False Myths of the “Radical Left”

Pope Francis, born Jorge Mario Bergoglio and head of the Catholic Church since March 13, 2013, has passed away. As with the death of his predecessor, the “emeritus pope” Benedict XVI—whom the Italian state honored with a national day of mourning and ceremonial tributes typically reserved for top political offices—Bergoglio’s death has strongly entered the public debate. Italy has ordered flags at half-mast and the cancellation of various sporting and cultural events, including some planned for the anniversary of the founding of Rome, along with extraordinary security measures. 

Thursday, April 24, 2025

Communist Parties of India condemn Pahalgam Terror Attack in Jammu and Kashmir

The Communist Parties of India, CPI(M) and CPI, strongly condemn the terrorist massacre in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir, that led to 28 deaths of innocent people. 
 
The attack, which took place on 22 April, is considered the deadliest in years in the Indian-administered Kashmir area. 

The Polit Bureau of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) has issued the following statement:

Wednesday, April 23, 2025

Rebranding Vatican

The entire "progressive" world is delirious for the death of Pope Francis. The "Pope of the Poor" - as he was called - leaves this world praised for his positions in favor of migrants and refugees, against "social inequality" and for the "defense of peace."

Of course, the truth is that Francis was chosen by the Roman Catholic Church at a time when the Vatican was plagued by the revelation of pedophilia scandals, embezzlements and corruption. 

Tuesday, April 22, 2025

Communist Party of Sweden's 39th Congress to be held on 30-31 May in Stockholm

The International Section of the Communist Party of Sweden (SKP) has announced that the Party Congress will take place on 30-31 May 2025 in Stockholm:

The 39th Congress of the Communist Party of Sweden will be held in Stockholm on the dates of 30-31 May under the slogan "We Strengthen Our Party in the Struggle for Peace and Socialism”.

Sunday, April 20, 2025

Marx, Engels and Lenin against Individual Terrorism

By Nikos Mottas

Is the murder of a capitalist an "act of revolution"? Does the workers' movement, the working class in general, gain anything if someone places a bomb in the headquarters of a multinational company? Practically speaking, who benefits from individual acts of terrorism?

The so-called "left-wing terrorism," that is, individual terrorism with a "leftist," "revolutionary" ideological and political guise, has its roots in various anarchist trends of the 19th century. 

Friday, April 18, 2025

World Federation of Trade Unions on May Day 2025: NO to war economies, YES to the class struggles

Statement by the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) on the occasion of this year's International Workers Day on 1 May 2025: 
 
Read in English & Español

The International Class-oriented Trade Union Movement, the workers, and the militant unions all over the globe honor with struggles the 139th anniversary of the workers’ struggle in Chicago in 1886.  

Tuesday, April 15, 2025

155th birth anniversary of V.I. Lenin: Joint Statement of Communist and Workers’ Parties

Joint Statement of Communist and Workers’ Parties

on the 155th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Lenin

The Communist and Workers’ Parties, which co-sign this Joint Statement, would like also in this way to honour a great revolutionary and theorist of scientific socialism, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, as  22 April marks the 155th anniversary of his birth. 

Monday, April 14, 2025

TKP: Letter to the 35 richest capitalists from Turkey

Letter by the Communist Party of Turkey (TKP) to the 35 capitalists from Turkey listed among the world’s billionaires: 

Your names have appeared in a recent list published by an international financial magazine. The Turkish edition ran the list under the headline: “Billionaire Turks”, noting that “The total wealth of the 35 Turks on the billionaires list stands at $79.5 billion. This is a record.”

Sunday, April 13, 2025

Reflections on the US Communist Movement: William Z. Foster’s History of the CPUSA

A highly interesting and informative article published in "New Worker", the official publication of the Communist Workers’ Platform of the USA (CWPUSA):

Introduction

The communist movement in the US is in a dire state. The working class in the US finds itself without a genuine Communist Party, as the historical Party has mutated into, at best, a social-democratic mass organization. 

Saturday, April 12, 2025

Partisans for Peace: On the 80th anniversary of Italy's liberation - Against rearmament and imperialist war

On April 25th, 1945, the National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy (CLNAI) declared a general uprising in all territories still occupied by fascist forces. The partisan troops, with the communists at the forefront, liberated the main cities of Northern Italy and put an end to more than twenty years of fascist oppression. 

Eighty years after those events, the Communist Front of Italy, with the support of the Front of Communist Youth, is launching a popular mobilization for April 25th, reviving the slogan "Partisans for Peace" against imperialist war and historical revisionism regarding Italy's war of liberation.

Friday, April 11, 2025

40 years since the death of Enver Hoxha

Today, 11th April 2025, marks the 40th death anniversary of communist revolutionary and leader of Socialist Albania, Enver Hoxha. A controversial political figure, Hoxha led Albania from 1944 to 1985.

Enver Halil Hoxha was born on 16 October 1908 in Gjirokastër. He graduated from the lycée in Korçë in 1930 and then studied at the University of Montpellier in France. He was a school teacher at the French lycée in Korcë until the Italian invasion of Albania in 1939, whereupon he was dismissed for refusing to join the newly-formed Albanian Fascist Party. Hoxha then opened a tobacco shop in Tiranë, which, in time, became the center for a communist cell.

Trade wars and tariffs are the normality of capitalism

Article originally published in Rizospastis, Organ of the CC of the KKE, on Thursday 10/4/2025. Translated by Nikos Mottas.

The fairy tales about a "peaceful" redistribution of the world, which flared up with Trump's election, the bargaining over Ukraine, and the ceasefire in the Middle East, have collapsed with a blast. Those who try to whitewash the imperialists with such lies and hide their irreconcilable rivalries under the carpet are shamelessly provoking the people.

Thursday, April 10, 2025

SACP: 32 years since the assassination of Chris Hani

The dawn of Thursday, 10 April 2025, marked 32 years since Comrade Chris Hani, our SACP General Secretary, was assassinated in cold blood. Hani, the communist revolutionary, was a husband, a father, an uncle – everything that aligns with our African structures of family and relatives. 

His assassination permanently deprived his wife, Comrade Limpho, of a husband, and their children of a father. It robbed his entire family of a brother and an uncle, and the community and nation of a leader.

Wednesday, April 9, 2025

Kemal Okuyan: Boycott, Republic and Revolutionary Stance

Article by Kemal Okuyan, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Turkey (TKP), which was published on April 8, 2025, on soL News Portal (Boykot, Cumhuriyet ve devrimci iddia):

It is impossible for the discussions on “”Who’s part of the boycott, why are they included, and who’s in and who’s out of its scope?” not to shift towards “where does the capital start, where it ends”. 

Monday, April 7, 2025

Communist Party of India (Marxist) elects M.A Baby as its new General Secretary

The 24th congress of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), which concluded in Madurai on Sunday, elected M.A. Baby, Polit Bureau member since 2012, as its General Secretary for the next three years.

Mr. Baby, formerly the Education and Culture Minister in Kerala, is the second leader from the Kerala unit to helm the party nationally. He succeeds Sitaram Yechury who passed away on 12 September 2024.

Saturday, April 5, 2025

KKE denounces European Union's new anti-communist initiative for the "European Day of the Righteous"

In a statement, the EU Parliament Group of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) denounces the new initiative of the European Union which equates Communism with the monster of Nazism. 

More specifically, the KKE statement (here in Greek) reads:

"With the EU Commission being the initiator of a debate-parade of anti-communists in the plenary of the European Parliament in Strasbourg, the EU is working on another anti-communist and unhistorical 'day of remembrance' under the name of 'European Day of Righteous'.

World Federation of Trade Unions suspends operation of its Middle East regional office in Syria

The Secretariat of the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU), in an extraordinary Meeting held on March 27, 2025, examined the recent public statements issued in the name of the WFTU Middle East Regional Office, as well as the statements made by the GFTU of Syria

These statements support the jihadist regime, which is the result of the interventions of the imperialist powers that want to seize the wealth of the region.

Thursday, April 3, 2025

Enver Hoxha: Revolutionary communists expect China to come out openly against Khrushchevite revisionism

On April 3, 1962, the leader of the Party of Labour of Albania, Enver Hoxha, called China to publicly denounce what he refereed to as "Khrushchevite revisionism". It is reminded that Socialist Albania's relations with the Soviet Union had been ruptured since December 1961, following Hoxha's fierce critique against Khrushchev's "revisionism" and "anti-marxism".

Enver Hoxha's 1962 statement was the following:

Tuesday, April 1, 2025

AKEL for the 70th anniversary of the beginning of the anti-colonial struggle in Cyprus

In a statement, the Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL) pays tribute to the 70th anniversary of the beginning of the struggle for the end of the British colonial rule in Cyprus, which began on 1 April 1955.  
 
 The statement of AKEL stresses out:

"AKEL honors the heroism and struggle of the children of Cyprus who fought against the British colonial yoke and gave their lives on the battlefields, in torture and on the scaffold, for the freedom and self-determination of our homeland. 

Communist Party of the Workers of Spain on the coal mine accident in Asturias: Profits Vs workers' lives

Concerning the terrible coal mine accident in Degaña, Asturias region in northern Spain which resulted to the death of five workers, the Asturias Committee of the Communist Workers' Party of Spain (PCTE) issued a statement, stressing out the following:

"From the Asturias Committee of the PCTE, we would like to express our condolences and sorrow to the families, colleagues, and friends of the five miners who died at the Zarréu/Cerredo mine (Degaña), as well as our support and encouragement to the four colleagues who are hospitalized with varying prognoses.

Russia: After 95 years on public display, Lenin's body will be laid to rest in Ulyanovsk

101 years after his death and 95 years on display in the famous Red Square Mausoleum, Vladimir Lenin will share the fate of ordinary people. The decision by the Russian Interior Ministry, made three days ago, is already causing major reactions, both from communists and Russians regardless of ideology.

According to the decision, the Mausoleum will be permanently closed and Lenin's body will be buried in his birthplace, Ulyanovsk, on September 3, 2025, in an official ceremony attended by high-ranking government officials.
 

Monday, March 31, 2025

KKE's Secretary Koutsoumbas: Mitsotakis' meeting with war criminal Netanyahu an insult to genocide victims

Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis' meeting "with war criminal Netanyahu, while the genocide of the Palestinian people continues and escalates, is an insult to the victims of this crime, but also an insult to the Greek people who consistently express their solidarity with the suffering people of Palestine," stated Communist Party of Greece (KKE) General Secretary Dimitris Koutsoumbas on Monday. 

Koutsoumbas was commenting on the Greek prime minister's meeting with his Israeli counterpart, Benjamin Netanyahu, in Israel on Sunday.

Saturday, March 29, 2025

URGENT statement of the European Communist Action in solidarity with TKP

The European Communist Action condemns the brutal repression and mass arrests of demonstrators, journalists, etc., including members and cadres of the Communist Party of Turkey, who oppose the unacceptable actions of the Turkish state in relation to arresting and removing from office the elected mayors in Istanbul, which means violation of right to vote and to be elected. These choices are in service to the political interests of the ruling AKP government and highlight its blatant disregard for any and all democratic processes.

Mexican Communists on Teuchitlán mass grave: Drug cartels and mafia are linked to the bourgeois state

By Nikos Mottas

Earlier this month, on March 8, the discovery of a suspected training and extermination camp for a drug cartel has sparked outrage across Mexico

More specifically, activists unearthed a mass grave in a ranch called Izaguirre farm, in the Teuchitlan region of the state of Jalisco, which is estimated to contain personal belongings, as well as cremated remains of at least 200 persons. 

Thursday, March 27, 2025

Communist Parties across the world express solidarity with the Communist Party of Turkey (TKP)

Statements of solidarity by Communist and Workers' Parties to the Communist Party of Turkey (TKP), in the face of the ongoing political developments in Turkey and the detention of protesting TKP members by the authorities:

Communist Party of Greece (KKE)

The KKE condemns the decision of the Turkish state and the AKP government to arrest and remove from office the Mayor of Istanbul, Ekrem İmamoğlu, the repression of demonstrations and the mass arrests of demonstrators, including cadres of the Communist Party of Turkey and the Communist Youth of Turkey, as well as journalists.

Communist Party of Britain: Spring Statement confirms Labour’s aim to be the war-mongering party of the military-industrial complex

Responding to the Labour Spring Statement today (March 26), Communist Party General Secretary Robert Griffiths commented:

Chancellor Rachel Reeves has put on her tin-foil hat to announce the government’s intention to make Britain a “defence-industrial superpower”.

This Spring Statement confirms Labour’s aim to be the war-mongering party of the military-industrial complex.

Wednesday, March 26, 2025

Statement of the New Communist Party of Yugoslavia on the 26th anniversary of the 1999 NATO bombing

In a statement about the 26th anniversary of NATO's imperialist bombing of Yugoslavia, which took place from 24 March to 10 June 1999,  the New Communist Party of Yugoslavia (NKPJ) stresses the following:

Today, as we mark 26 years since the brutal NATO aggression against the Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia, we stand united in condemning the imperialist rampage that brought devastation to our homeland. The scale of the bombing was immense—cities were reduced to rubble, countless civilians lost their lives, and the destruction of vital infrastructure continues to affect the health of our people and the environment even today.

Tuesday, March 25, 2025

Communist Revolutionary Party of France (PCRF): Two years since the mass strikes in France, conclusions and prospects for the European workers' movement

Contribution of the Communist Revolutionary Party of France (Parti communiste révolutionnaire de France - PCRF) in the conference organized by he European Communist Action (ECA) on Sunday 16 March in Paris, under the theme: "Conclusions and perspectives for the labour movement in Europe":

"Today's topic, “Two years since the mass strikes in France, conclusions and prospects for the European workers' movement”, is a particularly important one for the French working class, not only because of the intensity of the struggle in 2023, but also because of its length, the mass movements of two years ago being the peak of a long-term battle. 

Monday, March 24, 2025

KKE denounces Imamoglu's arrest, expresses solidarity with the Communist Party and the people of Turkey

In a statement (here in Greek) concerning the ongoing developments in Turkey, the detention and imprisonment of Istanbul mayor Ekrem Imamoglu and the mass protests, the Press Office of the CC of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) stresses the following:

"The KKE denounces the decision of the Turkish state and AKP government to arrest the mayor of Istanbul, Ekrem Imamoglu, and to remove him from his office, the suppression of the demonstrations and the mass arrests of demonstrators, including members of the Communist Party (TKP) and the Communist Youth of Turkey, as well as journalists.

Saturday, March 22, 2025

Turkish communists respond to Erdogan's attempt to delegitimize mass protests: People Will Break the Game

The political developments that began on March 19 with the detention orders issued for more than 100 people, including Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Mayor Ekrem İmamoğlu and journalist İsmail Saymaz, continue to unfold.

On the first day of these events, the Communist Party of Turkey (TKP) declared, “We Call on Our People to Organize Against AKP Tyranny.” And today, the Party has called for protests in several cities, especially in the three major metropolitan cities, with the following appeal:
 

Thursday, March 20, 2025

What is "ReArm Europe"? Multi-tool of warfare against the peoples

The EU has announced the “ReArm Europe” program worth 800 billion euros, signalling a rapid increase in its war spending.

It is thus reinforcing the war economy strategy and armaments of the previous period, escalating its involvement in the imperialist war in Ukraine. Its aim is to play a leading role on the Ukrainian front in conditions of heightened Euro-Atlantic antagonisms and US-Russian bargaining.

Wednesday, March 19, 2025

KKE on Trump-Putin call: Imperialist peace and arrangements are the other side of imperialist war

In a statement issued on Wednesday 19 March, the Press Office of the CC of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) refers to the recent call between U.S President Donald Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin concerning the situation in Ukraine. The statement (here in Greek) reads:

“The drumbeats about a ceasefire in the 3-year imperialist war in Ukraine, between the US, NATO, EU and capitalist Russia, cannot overshadow the real facts and the painful reality of the continuation of the war that tortures the peoples of Ukraine and Russia, as well as the dangers for other peoples.

Communist Party of Turkey condemns the detention of Istanbul's mayor Ekrem Imamoglu

Turkish police on Wednesday arrested Istanbul’s mayor — a key political rival of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan — and several other prominent figures as part of investigations into alleged corruption and terror links. It was a dramatic escalation in an ongoing crackdown on the opposition and dissenting voices in Turkey. 

The state-run Anadolu Agency said prosecutors issued detention warrants for the mayor, Ekrem Imamoglu, and some 100 other people. Among those detained was Imamoglu’s close aide, Murat Ongun.

Tuesday, March 18, 2025

Conference of the European Communist Action: The struggle of the working class and its movement is the real catalyst of developments

The European Communist Action (ECA) conference took place on Sunday 16 March in Paris, on the theme: "Conclusions and perspectives for the labour movement in Europe".

The conference, organised two years after the major workers' mobilisations in France, which shook the country and the whole of Europe, aims to exchange the views and experiences of the CPs of ECA the  on the workers' movement in Europe.

Monday, March 17, 2025

Trump's tariffs analyzed from a class perspective

By Charles Andrews*

The key to a capitalist economy is the state of its capital accumulation. That goes for understanding tariffs in particular.

 — U.S. tariffs were successful in the late 19th century. Capital accumulation was vigorous, and tariff protection helped develop domestic industries.

 — The 1930 Smoot-Hawley tariffs certainly did not help when the boom of the 1920s had already collapsed into a deep depression. Capitalism cannot evade the law of the falling rate of profit; boom turns into bust.